Plants, being immobile organisms, are constantly challenged by environmental extremes such as drought, UV radiation, pathogen attacks, and temperature fluctuations. Unlike animals, they cannot escape these conditions and must instead rely on intricate physiological and structural adaptations to survive. One of the most vital and often underappreciated components of this defense system is the plant…
As global climate change intensifies, one of the most pressing challenges for plants is coping with temperature extremes. While heat stress and drought conditions often dominate public discourse, cold stress is an equally formidable threat. It significantly affects plant survival and productivity, especially in temperate and high-altitude regions. Unlike animals, plants are immobile and must…
Plants live in a world of constant environmental uncertainty. Plants face various challenges such as the sweltering heat of a summer drought and the chilling grip of frost. Salinity creeping through irrigation water also poses a threat. Additionally, pathogens and pests continue to put plants under siege. To navigate these challenges, they rely on a…